✅ 英语中的 do-substitution（用 do/does/did 替代动词）
在英语中，只要前一句话已经完整表达了动作或状态，后一句就可以用助动词 do / does / did 来替代，避免重复。
✅ 正确示例（替代完整谓语）
实义动词 + to do 结构：
I want to go, and he does too.
→ = he wants to goShe plans to travel next year, and I do as well.
→ = I plan to travel next year
普通实义动词：
He likes cats, and she does too.
→ = she likes catsI play tennis on weekends, and they do too.
→ = they play tennis
❌ 错误示例（不能省略或省略位置不当）
❌ “he wants too”（不自然）
- I want to go, and he wants too. ❌
→ 缺少 “to go”，听起来很怪
✅ 应该说：he wants to go too
✅ 或者更自然地简化成：he does too
❌ 没有前文动作，不能用 do 替代
- I want to go, and he does. ✅
- （但是）He does. ← ❌ 如果单独说，没人知道 “does” 替代什么
✅ 总结规则
| 情况 | 是否可用 do/does | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 前文有完整谓语动词 | ✅ 可以 | I want to go, and he does. |
| 前文是实义动词，无助动词 | ✅ 可以 | She likes tea, and he does too. |
| 后文主语一致（省略 do） | ❌ 不可以省略主语和助动词 | I want to go, and does too. ❌ |
| 后文直接写 “wants too” | ❌ 不自然 | he wants too ❌ → he wants to go ✅ |
🔎 补充：否定与倒装中也常用 do-substitution
- She doesn’t like coffee, and neither do I.
- I love coding, and so does my brother.
常见动词(包含)：encompass / comprise / consist of / compose 对照表
✅ 1. encompass
- 含义：包含，涵盖（强调范围广）
- 句型：A encompass B / encompass everything from X to Y
- 是否可用于 from…to：✅ 可以
- 语气语感：现代、自然、口语/书面都适用
例句：
The additions encompass everything from tubing cutters to nut drivers.
✅ 2. comprise
- 含义：包括，由……组成（“整体包含部分”）
- 句型：A comprise B, C, D…
- 是否可用于 from…to：❌ 不推荐
- 语气语感：稍正式，常见于书面语
例句（✅ 正确）：
The additions comprise tubing cutters, nut drivers, and other tools.
例句（❌ 错误）：
The additions comprise everything from…（✘ 不符合常规结构）
✅ 3. consist of
- 含义：由……组成
- 句型：A consist of B, C, D…
- 是否可用于 from…to：❌ 不推荐
- 语气语感：中性偏书面，结构固定
例句（✅ 正确）：
The additions consist of tubing cutters, nut drivers, and other tools.
例句（❌ 错误）：
The additions consist everything from…（✘ 不合语法）
❌ 4. compose
- 含义：组成（多用于被动语态）
- 常用结构：A be composed of B, C, D…
- 是否可用于 from…to：❌ 不推荐
- 语气语感：正式、书面、学术性较强
例句（✅ 正确）：
The toolset is composed of multiple items, including tubing cutters.
例句（❌ 不推荐）：
The additions compose tubing cutters.（✘ 主动语态不自然）
✅ 推荐使用总结
| 动词 | from…to | 适用语境 | 推荐等级 |
|---|---|---|---|
| encompass | ✅ 支持 | 通用、现代、地道 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| comprise | ❌ | 书面、正式 | ⭐⭐⭐ |
| consist of | ❌ | 固定结构、书面 | ⭐⭐⭐ |
| compose | ❌ | 正式文体、常用被动 | ⭐⭐ |